The Sino-Soviet Split Essay Example for Free

The Sino-Soviet Split Essay 1. The significance of the communist revolution in china 1949 The Chinese Revolution was among the first hot conflicts of the Cold War, and its ramifications were certainly among the most far-reaching. The most important long-term effect was to create a Communist state with the size and power to stand as a rival to the Soviet Union within the Communist world. The Soviets and Chinese were initially allies, but eventually split apart, and fought bloody border conflicts in the 1960s. The Sino-Soviet split forced many Communist states to choose sides, with China even invading pro-Soviet Vietnam in 1979. 2. Early Sino Soviet cooperation in the 1950’s The Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship, Alliance and Mutual Assistance or Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Alliance for short, is the treaty of alliance concluded between the Peoples Republic of China and the Soviet Union on February 14, 1950. It was based to a considerable extent on the prior Treaty of the same name that had been arranged between the Soviet Union and the Nationalist government in 1945 and it was the product of extended negotiations between Liu Shaoqi and Stalin. Mao travelled to the Soviet Union in order to sign the Treaty after its details had been concluded and this was the only time that he travelled outside China for the duration of his life. The Treaty dealt with a range of issues such as Soviet privileges in Xinjiang and Manchuria and one of its most important points was the provision of a $300 million loan from the Soviet Union to the Peoples Republic, which had suffered economically and logistically from over a decade of intense warfare. The treaty did not prevent relations between Beijing and Moscow from drastic deterioration in the late 1950s early 1960s, at the time of the Sino-Soviet split. In light of opening up China to the international market and the expiration of the Treaty, Deng Xiaoping wanted China not to negotiate with the Soviets unless they agreed to Chinas demands. Those were that the Soviets retreated from Afghanistan, removed their troops from Mongolia and Sino-Soviet borders and stopped supporting Vietnams invasion of Cambodia.[1] The treaty expired in 1979, which allowed China to attack Vietnam, a Soviet ally, in the Third Indochina War as a response to Vietnams invasion of Cambodia, as the treaty had prevented China from attacking Soviet allies. 3. Reasons for deteriorating Sino-Soviet relations from 1958 to 69 The Sino-Soviet split (1960–1969) was the worsening of political and ideological relations between the Peoples Republic of China (PRC) and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) during the Cold War. In the 1960s, China and the Soviet Union were the two largest Communist states in the world. The doctrinal divergence derived from Chinese and Russian national interests, and from the rà ©gimes respective interpretations of Marxism: Maoism and Marxism–Leninism. In the 1950s and the 1960s, ideological debate between the Communist parties of Russia and China also concerned the possibility of peaceful coexistence with the capitalist West. Yet, to the Chinese public, Mao Zedong proposed a belligerent attitude towards capitalist countries, an initial rejection of peaceful coexistence, which he perceived as Marxist revisionism from the Soviet Union. Moreover, since 1956, China and the USSR had progressively diverged about Marxist ideology, and, by 1961, when the doctrinal differences proved intractable, the Communist Party of China formally denounced the Soviet variety of Communism as a product of Revisionist Traitors, i.e., the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, headed by Nikita Krushchev. The divide fractured the international Communist movement at the time and opened the way for the warming of relations between the United States and China in 1971. Relations between China and the Soviet Union remained tense well into the 1980s, and were not considered normalized until the visit of Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev to Beijing in 1989.

Facts On Cocaine Essay -- essays research papers

Cocaine is a powerful central nervous system (CNS) stimulant that heightens alertness, inhibits appetite and the need for sleep, and provides intense feelings of pleasure. It is prepared from the leaf of the Erythroxylon coca bush, which grows primarily in Peru and Bolivia. Street dealers dilute it with inert (non-psychoactive) but similar-looking substances such as cornstarch, talcum powder, and sugar, or with active drugs such as procaine and benzocaine (used as local anesthetics), or other CNS stimulants such as amphetamines. Nevertheless, illicit cocaine has actually become purer over the years; according to RCMP figures, in 1988 its purity averaged about 75%. With repeated administration over time, users experience the drug's long-term effects. Euphoria is gradually displaced by restlessness, extreme excitability, insomnia, and paranoia - and eventually hallucinations and delusions. These conditions, clinically identical to amphetamine psychosis and very similar to paranoid schizophrenia, disappear rapidly in most cases after cocaine use is ended. Tolerance to any drug exists when higher doses are necessary to achieve the same effects once reached with lower doses. But scientists have not observed tolerance to cocaine's stimulant effect: users may keep taking the original amount over extended periods and still experience the same euphoria. Physical effects of cocaine use include constricted peripheral blood vessels, dilated pupils, and increased temperature, heart rate, and blood pressure. The duration of cocaine's immediate euphoric effects, which include hyperstimulation, reduced fatigue, and mental clarity, depends on the route of administration. The faster the absorption, the more intense the high. On the other hand, the faster the absorption, the shorter the duration of action. The high from snorting may last 15 to 30 minutes, while that from smoking may last 5 to 10 minutes. Increased use can reduce the period of stimulation. When people mix cocaine and alcohol consumption, they are compounding the danger each drug poses and unknowingly forming a complex chemical experiment within their bodies. NIDA-funded researchers have found that the human liver combines cocaine and alcohol and manufactures a third substance, cocaethylene, that intensifies cocaine's euphoric effects, while possibly increasing the risk of sudden death. Yes. Cocaine is of... ... the "Brompton cocktail". This was a judiciously-blended mixture of cocaine, heroin and alcohol. The results were gratifying not just to the recipient. Relatives of the stricken patient were pleased, too, at the new-found look of spiritual peace and happiness suffusing the features of a loved one as (s)he prepared to meet his or her Maker. Drawing life to a close with a transcendentally orgasmic bang, and not a pathetic and god-forsaken whimper, can turn dying into the culmination of one's existence rather than its present messy and protracted anti-climax. There is another good reason to finish life on a high note. In a predominantly secular society, adopting a hedonistic death-style is much more responsible from an ethical utilitarian perspective. For it promises to spare friends and relations the miseries of vicarious suffering and distress they are liable to undergo at present as they witness one's decline. A few generations hence, the elimination of primitive evolutionary holdovers such as the ageing process and suffering will make the hedonistic death advocated here redundant. In the meanwhile, one is conceived in pleasure and may reasonably hope to die in it.

Case Analysis Raisio Group And The Benecol Essay

1. Problem Originated from a grain-milling company in Finland, the 57-year-old Rasio Group developed a substantial export business which accounted for 39% of its sales by 1996. Its main products including margarine, pasta and other food products were manufactured, sold locally and exported. In 1995, a blockbuster product Benecol, cholesterol-lowering margarine, attracted the interest of food processors and supermarket groups throughout the world and fueled a surge of investor interest. Stanol ester is the active ingredient that provides the lower cholesterol benefit. There was huge marketing potential and profit opportunity for Raisio. However, its limited production capacity, limited supply of stanol ester, few facilities, limited experience outside Finland, different product formulation requirements, different marketing channels and complicated regulations in different countries challenged its further strategy. 2. Analysis and assessment of strategy to date for commercializing the innovations A largely self-sufficient strategy/a strategy of vertical integration: Raisio had fabricated stanol ester itself in its own plant using its own technology. Its stanol ester was used only in its own branded margarine, Benecol, which was produced in its own factories and marketed and distributed through its own sales and distribution system. This strategy enabled Raisio to have control over the technology, reduce transactions costs of market contracts and maintain superior coordination through the value chain, but it failed in meeting market demand home and broad due to limited production capacity and limited supply of raw material. Besides the demand, it would take a long time for Benecol to fully market in other countries. That would be risky, as it only had 18- to 24-month lead time over its competitors. It’s impossible to open all markets by acquisition which entails high cost and various management issue. Therefore, the strategy won’t allow Raisio to realize the international launch of Benecol during the lead time, or help it meet the worldwide demand. 3. Assessment of Raisio’s competitive position in January 1997 Supplier power: high. The raw material for producing stanol ester was limited, many companies similar to its current supplier hadn’t had the system in place to collect the plan sterols.  Buyer power: low. Because of the new technology’s significant effect on reducing cholesterol, Benecol margarine was priced about six times the price of regular margarine, even so the demand was still very high. Threat of entry: low within 18- to 24-month. The patent bought them that much lead time over its competitors. Substitutes: high. A number of competing products were available for reducing cholesterol such as naturally available plant sterols. The possibility of using plant sterols as a food additive increased the risk of being substituted. A growing array of cholesterol-reducing drugs was available on the market. There are also a number of natural food products that have the effect of reducing cholesterol within the blood, including fish oil, garlic, flax seed, dietary fiber, policosanol, and guggulipid. Industry rivalry: temporarily low. It maintained leading position for Benecol because of the innovation. But the product was single, not diversified. The profit margin was very low, only 4.1%.  In short, Raisio had a favorable competitive advantage over its competitors, but would only within the lead time if it couldn’t figure out a suitable strategy and feasible plan. 4. The alternative strategies available to Raisio in 1997 (1) To establish partnership with Johnson & Johnson (J&J) to utilize its extensive experience worldwide. According to the case, it would be exclusive partnership. Considering J&J’s experience which was exactly Raisio needs, the partnership was feasible for its international launch of Benecol. (2) To focus on its key ingredient, stanol ester and exploit its innovation more widely so as to produce and supply to a number of suppliers and food processors. As the key competence of Benecol margarine was the key ingredient, the innovation would diversify the usage of stanol ester in more kinds of drinks  and food so as to increase Raisio’s competence. However, I won’t suggest Raision to provide the ingredient to more suppliers and food processor, as it would weaken Benecol products’ uniqueness. (3) To keep its production of stanol ester in-house or license this technology. As mentioned above, this technology was the key to its success. I wouldn’t recommend license it out. 5. Summary/Proposed Strategy Based on the analysis and assessment, firstly I would recommend Benecol product be diversified and defined as functional food. The diversification and raw material shortage would require more R&D. This not only reflected Raisio’s technical ingenuity, but also was key to its success. In 1996, R&D only accounted for 2.2% of its revenue. Through R&D, Raisio would probably find more ways to produce stanol ester. It would also be beneficial if Raisio started nourish more suppliers of plant stenols to increase its bargaining power as well as get stable supply of the raw material. Secondly, I would suggest Raisio establish exclusive partnership with J&J to produce, market and distribute diversified products with the new innovation in other markets other than Finland, the nearby markets and the markets which already had joint ventures. Two important provision should include (1) all products should be under the brand of Benecol to ensure the increase of the brand value. Once Raisio wants to buy it back, the established brand would be value-added for Raisio, like what many international companies have done to enter a new market with complicated regulations and laws, different marketing channels and culture, etc.; (2) J&J involves Rasio in the value chain of the brand to enable Raisio gain experience/learning opportunity from J&J. The strategy would solve the problems of production capacity, lack of marketing and distribution experience in many countries, and would help avoid complicated regulatory issues. (3) Regarding different regulations and market conditions, the marketing plan should be promoted progressively. Marketing stage 1: The markets for the first stage should include the US and European Union which were the biggest potential markets for Benecol products and the regulation situation of the two markets were relatively clear and efficient. In US, it allowed the product to gain approval as a dietary supplement. It was the  simplest path which only took 60 days file notification with supporting evidence before commercial rollout. In European Union, it was possible to go through fast-track approval, as it had already been marketed in Finland. Marketing stage 2: J&J would probably start bring the products into the markets with huge potential simultaneously, as it would take a longer time to gain approval. Last but not least, based on the revenue breakdown in 1997, Raisio would allocate more recourses to the business unit of animal feeds, as the markets for animal feeds would be promising. For chemicals, though it represented 34% of its total sales, I would suggest Raisio take it as byproduct of its R&D. No detailed recommendation for those two units would be made due to limited information.

The Professional Image Of Nursing - 2443 Words

The professional image of nursing does not have a very glamorous history. The subservient, handmaiden to the physician stereotype that has historically been accepted is still widely accepted by the general population today. Efforts have been made to show nursing practice as an independent profession of its own, but much work still needs to be done (Catalano, 2015, p. 9). This paper will serve to show how nursing is portrayed by the media, and accepted by the public; it will also highlight ways in which nursing can improve and even correct these images, through higher and continuing education, what each nurse can do individually in their own practice, and through involvement in both professional organization and in politics. The media does not always show nursing in a very flattering light, as many of these portrayals are of sexy or naughty nurses, handmaidens, crusty battle-axes, or just simply for subservient girls. Due to these stereotypes, it is often overlooked by the general pub lic that nurses are actually highly qualified and highly educated, with many critical responsibilities (Muehlbauer, 2012). The effects of these media portrayals are very influential. In one study, 1,800 students in grades 2 through 10 were interviewed. Many of these students stated that they received their main impression of nursing from the television show â€Å"ER.† They also had many misconceptions about nursing, such as that it is a â€Å"girl’s job,† or even that it is a technical job, such as theShow MoreRelatedHow Nursing Is Perceived Inside And Outside Of The Health Care System997 Words   |  4 PagesThe profession of nursing embodies values that are intrinsic in those who seek nursing as a career. The core values of honesty, dignity, integrity, and autonomy enable nurses to provide unparalleled healthcare in the most professional manner (Price Hall, 2013). It is through professional dress, demeanor, and dialect that character is outwardly reflected a nd recognized by those in which the nurse interacts. In order for nursing to remain the respected profession for which it has been recognizedRead MoreThe Profession Of Nursing : Values Of Honesty, Dignity, Integrity, And Autonomy964 Words   |  4 Pagesprofession of nursing embodies values intrinsic in those who seek nursing as a career. The core values of honesty, dignity, integrity, and autonomy enable nurses to provide unparalleled health care in the most professional manner (Price Hall, 2013). Nurses throughout history have held the reputation as front runners of healthcare, and often, the faces of hope. A trusted relationship between patient and nurse developed throughout history by the nurse upholding a respected professional image and nursingRead MoreThe Media Portrayal Of Nurses1222 Words   |  5 PagesProfessional nurses are as important, in achieving success, as any other component within the healthcare sector. For instance, a professional nurse typically spends m ore time in direct contact with patients than a physician does (Hendrich et al., 2008). Nevertheless, media sources have always painted the picture of a nurse in various forms. Although nurses are sometimes perceived as life savers and angels of mercy, the profession is often sexualized, stereotyped, and undermined in its importanceRead MoreNursing Image and Media1449 Words   |  6 PagesNursing the Silent Profession and Media’s influence The nursing image has become a major issue in the society as people have different perception about nursing. Some believe that nurses do their duties out of kindness. This has influenced the nursing image as most people do not see nursing as a good profession. Only few people in the society see nursing as an important profession and consider the qualification of the nurses (Younge amp; Niekerk, 2004). This has led to shortage of nurses in theRead MoreMedia s Negative Images Of Health Care1215 Words   |  5 Pages Should Media Portray Only Positive Images of Health Care Name Institution Should Media Portray Only Positive Images of Health Care Media has portrayed many negative images of healthcare through television including movies. It is important that media presents positive images of healthcare to influence positive public perceptions on healthcare delivery. Health care television shows have portrayed nurses as handmaidens to doctors, ‘naughty’, battle-axes’, sex objects, self-sacrificial angelsRead MoreProfessional Identity As A Nurse Identity1533 Words   |  7 Pages Title: Using examples relevant to your discipline, define professional identity as it relates to health and human service delivery and discuss how industry, professional and quality agencies guide the provision of the safe and effective patient or client care in your discipline. Professional identity has become a necessary concept to employees who are working in a health and human-serviced environment because it comprehends the image and perceptions of individuals that has based on the way she/Read MoreThe Image of Nursing Essay1614 Words   |  7 PagesNursing is basically a scientific profession with a widespread vision, where nurses care for the physical needs of the people at the same time satisfies their emotional, psychological, and intellectual as well as social and spiritual demands. These Nurses though get professional training but apart from professional training and experiences, a good nurse possess high humanistic quality and has in depth understanding of not only the psychology of her/his patients but also proves to be very soft andRead MoreImage Of Nursing : A Look At An Historical Image987 Words   |  4 PagesThe field of nursing encompasses a vast array of knowledge, skills, and professionalism. However, often times the image of nursing d oes not mirror these things. What is image? Many individuals may answer this question differently depending on their age, personal experiences, and exposure to media. The image of nursing is the overall idea, perception, or belief of what nursing is. Image is an important factor in nursing, as a false image may discredit the true heart of nursing, leading to misconceptionsRead MoreA Hard Day s Night1008 Words   |  5 Pageslast seventeen years. Saad also reports that nurses have no other serious competition to outrank them. Despite being America’s most trustworthy profession, the public does not view nurses with the same level of respect or distinction as other professionals. Historically a female profession, nurses have been known to be caring and kind and work solely under the doctor’s orders. Over the years, media has negatively influenced the way the people perceive nurses. Television shows such as Grey’s AnatomyRead MoreThe Changing Context of Nursing Essay examples1635 Words   |  7 PagesThe image of nursing is dynamic, changing from the late 1800’s to present, the images are made from individual’s perceptions by what is seen in the media, how education is taught in nursing and historical figures (Daly, Speedy, Jackson, 2014). Historical figures mainly include Florence Nightingale and her, self-sacrifice and the nurses who transformed education (Fee Garofalo, 2010, p. 1591; Allen, 2010, p. 35). Education has moved forward by the enhancing strategies of teaching student nurses

Analysis Of The Book One Flew Over The Cuckoo s Nest

Book: One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest It Says... I say... And So... â€Å"A success, they say, but I say he’s just another robot for the Combine and might be better off as a failure†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (17). The mental institutions way of helping people is by â€Å"fixing† them, which means drugging them so they are like robots. The word â€Å"robots† has significance because a robot is not able to think for themselves, and is just controlled by whomever.It robs the patients a chance at actually improving their mental health, so they can be a part of society again. In addition, the phrase â€Å"a success† means that the unawareness and inability for one to think for themselves is key for the staff to be able to handle the patients. Patients are trapped in their own mind. Lastly, the use of Kesey’s informal language gives us a vivid perspective from the shoes of the patients. The theme of unawareness occurs because it is encouraged by the staff in the hospital. Eventually, the patients may get tired of being a robot, and rebel against the staff. In addition, we see a pattern of the patients having no say into what goes into their body, or are misinformed about the potential dangers of the medicine. Not having a say can make one lose purpose in their life, and see no reason to improve themselves daily. Very much like today, medical experts are quick to prescribe medicine that has terrible side effects. â€Å"...The staff usually don’t even notice me; I move around in my chores and they see right through me like IShow MoreRelatedOne Flew Over The Cuckoos Nest Speech Act Theory Essay1281 Words   |  6 PagesKen Kesey forms the intricate relationships among the characters in the novel One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest by the unique use of perspective and speech. Throughout the novel, Kesey depicts this connection between the public world and the seemingly closed off society inside the mental institution. This creates two separate spheres separated by a few walls and doors. Kesey goes on to form a unique perspective in the novel, told by a paranoid schizophrenic, with the narrator’s caricature-like

The Philosophical Object Of Buddhism - 1060 Words

Over the course of our lectures, we have seen how it is possible to recognise family resemblances among different Buddhisms. Using the three keys taught in the lectures, and with reference to the readings, describe how this poem might be recognised as part of the scholarly object â€Å"Buddhism,† and how it might not be recognised as such. The protagonist of the poem, Who Are You, attempts to define his identity in the manner that most humans fall victim to. The inquirer, assumed to be Buddhist, is unsatisfied with his response as it contradicts the Dharma of the enlightened Buddha. Peter, when asked, â€Å"Who are you?† endeavors to label himself by the people that surround him, the place in which he was born, and the traits that he feels†¦show more content†¦The buddhist questioner, unsatisfied with Peter’s definition of the self interrogates him further and leads Peter to the second aggregate, vedana, feelings and sensations. Peter explains that his youngest daughter was a world class gymnast and his mother died when he was a child. These experiences give him feelings of joy and pain, and identify with Peter’s sense of self. Still unsatisfied, the buddhist questioner directs Peter to the third aggregate, samjna, cognition and perception. Peter says â€Å"I am an intelligent, accomplish ed man.† According to Peter, he perceives himself through his intelligence and success. Still unsatisfied, the buddhist asks him where Peter’s feelings are located, luring Peter to the fourth aggregate, Samskara, mental formation. Peter replies that his feelings are closer to his heart. At this point, he uses the word closer because he does not truly know where his feelings are located. Through this use of cautious language, one can see that Peter is mentally engaging with the conversation. Finally, the last of the five is when Peter is stumped at the perplexing questions of the buddhist and Peter simply says â€Å"I don’t know† who I am. It is at this point where Peter recognizes that all aspects of self are combined and intertwined and one cannot identify themselves using only one of these five essential components. The Four Noble Truths are seen in this poem, highlighting the teachings of the Buddha. The first of these four, Duhkha, is a

Can Make a Big Difference free essay sample

These sorts of people include Connectors, or natural socialites with many onnections; Mavens, information specialists who share their new-found information with others; and Salesmen, who persuade people into agreeing with them on several levels. The Law of the Few states that when these sorts of people are informed of and sold on a product or idea, they will take it unpon themselves to make the product a widespread success. Gladwell illustrates this through Hushpuppies, a once dying brand, that became a massive phenomenon due to its acceptance from a few SoHo fashionistas. The second law Gladwell outlines is the Stickiness Factor. The Stickiness Factor is he element in any media or product that makes it memorable and significant. Gladwell proves this factor is effective through describing how Sesame Street was formulated. The producers of this childrens learning program used several tests, such as measuring and tracking childrens irises and recording their recall levels, to determine if Sesame Streets content stuck with the viewing children. We will write a custom essay sample on Can Make a Big Difference or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Because of disappointing outcomes, Big Bird and Oscar the Grouch were created to increase the shows Stickiness Factor and secured the shows huge success (Gladwell 103-10). pidemics are sensitive to the conditions and circumstances of the times and places in which they occur (Gladwell 139). Simply stated, people are their environment and will act congruently to their surroundings. Gladwell illustrated this by pointing out that when there was a zero tolerance policy on fare hopping and graffiti on New York City subways in the 1980s, overall crime rates in the city decreased dramatically as well (Gladwell 142). New and Interesting Ideas from The Tipping Point Aside from the main three laws Gladwell has presented in this book, he examines a few side concepts as well. One discussed concept is The Rule of 150. This rule claims that, based on the size of the human cranium, people can only sustain relationships with about 147. 8 or 150 other people (Gladwell 179). He defends this argument through Gore, a company that has no hierarchy of management and determines salaries based on collective agreements. This successful yet abnormal company has found that after the hire of 150 employees per plant the lack of management becomes an issue (Gladwell 183 184). In addition to The Rule of 1 50 Gladwell also investigates how rumors are created and why they are infectious. Gladwell analizes rumors by saying that they are first leveled, meaning the details that are vital for understanding the true story are left out. Next the rumor is sharpened, meaning the left over details that support the strangeness of the rumor are given extra emphasis. Finally the rumor is assimilated, meaning the entire story is changed so that those spreading it can make sense of it. Gladwell relates this to The Law of the Few by saying the Mavens, Connectors, and Salesmen need to use this process for a phenomenon to occur (Gladwell 201-203). How The Tipping Point Relates to My Other Business Classes Gladwells book The Tipping Point presents several abstract concepts that can be easily applied to several of my Marketing courses. This book uses an abundance of evidence to support claims that are sometimes derived from recall tests, analyses on iris tracking, and secondary statistical information. All of these concepts are also discussed in my Marketing Research course. This book also deeply describes the Law of the Few as well as The Stickiness Factor, which could both easily be applied to my Advertising and Promotions course in terms of constructing a successful campaign. The Stickiness Factor is also relatable to Consumer Behavior in the sense that a product needs to produce a stimulus or sensation. Is The Tipping Point is Helpful for Managers Although primarily targeted towards marketers and sociologists, The Tipping Point could be applied to management as well. It is vital for any manager to understand how people think and act. This applies not only in the marketplace but in the office as well. By using the Power of Context law, a manager may manipulate any work environment to increase productivity or even boost morale. A manager could also act s a Maven, Connector, or Salesman in selling any new company policies, work techniques, or products to his superiors, subordinates, and clients as well. How The Tipping Point is Helpful for Business Students The Tipping Point is indeed beneficial for business students to read. The book examines what makes a product successful and why phenomenons and trends occur. human psyche is vital for any success in your business. This book outlines why consumers are attracted to a product and gives insight on how to manipulate and use a marketplace to your advantage.